COVID-19 DURING PREGNANCY: IMMEDIATE AND LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE INFECTIOUS PROCESS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROLOGICAL PATHOLOGY OF NEWBORNS
Main Article Content
Abstract
A review of the scientific literature has been conducted, including randomized clinical studies on the state of health and pathology of the nervous system of newborns whose mothers suffered a new coronavirus infection during pregnancy. Publications of PubMed, ClinicalKey, MedLine, Google Scholar databases were analyzed. The article was selected if it reported data on newborns with neurological disorders associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
The processes of fetal brain damage, due to SARS-CoV-2 infection in the mother, are triggered in utero. At the same time, there are not only functional disorders, but also structural damage to the substance (hyperechogenicity of the white matter and basal ganglia, a decrease in the amount of tissue myelin). The main cause of perinatal neurological disorders is pathological perfusion of the placenta due to altered coagulation, inflammatory changes or microangiopathic conditions, what causes hypoxic and ischemic brain damage to the fetus and newborn.
Keywords
Article Details
Information about financing and conflict of interests
The authors declare that they have no apparent or potential conflicts of interest related to the publication of this article.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
How to Cite
References
WHO – World Health Organization. Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). 2020. https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-on-COVID.-pregnacy-childbirth-and-breastfeeding
Saadaoui M, Kumar M, Al Khodor S. COVID-19 Infection during pregnancy: risk of vertical transmission, fetal, and neonatal outcomes. J Pers Med. 2021; 11: 483. doi: 10.3390/jpm11060483
Neef V, Buxmann H, Rabenau HF, Zacharowski K, Raimann FJ. Characterization of neonates born to mothers with SARS-CoV-2 infection: Review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Neonatol. 2021; 62(1): 11-20. doi: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2020.10.001
Newton .., Cardani ., Braciale .J. The host immune response in respiratory virus infection: balancing virus clearance and immunopathology. Semin Immunopathol. 2016; 38(4): 471-482. doi: 10.1007/s00281-016-0558-0
McAdams RM, Juul SE. The role of cytokines and inflammatory cells in perinatal brain injury. Neurol Res Int. 2012; special issue: 1-15. doi: 10.1155/2012/561494
Wynn JL, Levy O. Role of Innate Host Defenses in Susceptibility to Early Onset Neonatal Sepsis. Clin Perinatol. 2010; 37(2): 307-337. doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2010.04.001
Valiathan R, Ashman M, Asthana D. Effects of Ageing on the Immune System: Infants to Elderly. Scand J Immunol. 2016; 83(4): 255-266. doi: 10.1111/sji.12413
Ahmadpoor P, Rostaing L. Why the immune system fails to mount an adaptive immune response to a COVID-19 infection. Transpl Int. 2020; 33(7): 824-825. doi: 10.1111/ tri.13611
Risitano AM, Mastellos DC, Huber-Lang M, Yancopoulou D, Garlanda C, Ciceri F, et al. Complement as a target in COVID-19? Nat Rev Immunol. 2020; 20(6): 343-344. doi: 10.1038/s41577-020-0320-7
Mammadbeyli AK. Features of damage to the central nervous system in newborns with intrauterine infections. Biomedicine. 2008; 2: 14-17. Russian (Мамедбейли А.К. Особенности поражения центральной нервной системы у новорожденных детей при внутриутробных инфекциях //Биомедицина. 2008. № 2. С. 14-17)
Nikitina IV, Zhukova AS, Vanko LV, Vtorushina VV, Matveeva NK, Krechetova LV, et al. Cytokine status of preterm newborns with infectious and noninfectious diseases. Neonatology: News, Opinions, Training. 2018; 6(4): 16-23. Russian (Никитина И.В., Жукова А.С., Ванько Л.В., Вторушина В.В., Матвеева Н.К., Кречетова Л.В. и др. Особенности цитокинового статуса у недоношенных новорожденных с заболеваниями легких инфекционного и неинфекционного генеза //Неонатология: Новости, Мнения, Обучение. 2018. Т. 6, № 4. С. 16-23.) doi: 10.24411/2308-2402-2018-14002
Robillard S, Mercier C, Breton V, Paquin-Veillette J, Guay A, Lizotte F, et al. Ablation of angiotensin type 2 receptor prevents endothelial nitric oxide synthase glutathionylation and nitration in ischaemic abductor muscle of diabetic mice. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2020; 17(1): 1-10. doi: 10.1177/1479164119883978
Dommergues MA, Plaisant F, Vemey C. Early microglial activation following neonatal excitotoxic brain damage in mice: a potential target for neuroprotection. Neuroscience. 2003; 121: 619-628
Anderson P, Klenman CS, Lister G. Cardiovascular function during development and the response to hypoxia. Fetal and neonat physiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2004. P. 456-487
Miller S, Weiss J, Barnwell A. Seizure-associated brain injury in term newborns with perinatal asphyxia. Neurology. 2002; 58: 4-8
Santana C, Guindeo MC, Gonzakz G, García-Muñoz F, Saavedra P, Doménech E. Cord blood levels of cytokines as predictors of early neonatal sepsis. Acta Paediatr. 2001; 90(10): 1176-1181. doi: 10.1080/080352501317061602
Nizyaeva NV, Lomova NA, Dolgopolova EL, Petrova UL, Karapetyan TE, Shmakov RG, Frankevich VE. The effect of the new COVID-19 coronavirus infection on the mother-placenta-fetus system. Bulletin of Russian State Medical University. 2021; 2: 27-34. Russian (Низяева Н.В., Ломова Н.А., Долгополова Е.Л., Петрова У.Л., Карапетян Т.Э., Шмаков Р.Г., Франкевич В.Е. Влияние новой коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19 на систему «мать-плацента-плод» //Вестник РГМУ. 2021. № 2. С. 27-34)
Villar J, Ariff S, Gunier RB, Thiruvengadam R, Rauch S, Kholin A, et al. Maternal and Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality Among Pregnant Women With and Without COVID-19 Infection. JAMA Pediatr. 2021; 175(8): 817-826. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.1050
Novoa RH, Quintana W, Llancarí P, Urbina-Quispe K, Guevara-Ríos E, Ventura W. Maternal clinical characteristics and perinatal outcomes among pregnant women with coronavirus disease 2019. A systematic review. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2021; 39: 101919. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101919
Raschetti R, Vivanti A, Vauloup-Fellous C, Loi B, Benachi A, De Luca D. Synthesis and systematic review of reported neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infections. Nat Commun. 2020; 11(1): 5164. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-18982-9
Model GYu, Tokovaya IA, Eremina OV, Lapita AR. Features of nursing newborns from mothers with a new coronavirus infection COVID-19 in the conditions of the regional perinatal center. Neonatology: news, opinions, training. 2022; 10(3): 8-15. Russian (Модель Г.Ю., Токовая И.А., Еремина О.В., Лапита А.Р. Особенности выхаживания новорожденных от матерей с новой коронавирусной инфекцией COVID-19 в условиях регионального перинатального центра //Неонатология: новости, мнения, обучение. 2022. Т. 10. № 3. С. 8-15.) doi: 10.33029/2308-2402-2022-10-3-8-15
Belova VA, Trenchik ID, Bubnevich TE. Impact of Covid-19 on the cardiovascular and central nervous system of newborns and infants. Universum: Medicine and Pharmacology. 2023; 1(95). Russian (Белова В.А., Дренчик И.Д., Бубневич Т.Е. Влияние Covid-19 на сердечно-сосудистую и центральную нервную систему новорожденных и детей грудного возраста //Universum: медицина и фармакология. 2023; 1(95). doi: 32743/UniMed/2023/95/1/14823
Siracusa L, Cascio A, Giordano S, Medaglia AA, Restivo GA, Pirrone I, et al. Neurological complications in pediatric patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review of the literature. Ital J Pediatr. 2021; 47(1): 123. doi: 10.1186/s13052-021-01066-9
Kosolapova AA, Morozov LA, Inviyaeva EV, Makeeva MI, Zubkov VV, Degtyarev DN. Influence of COVID-19 on pregnancy outcomes and newborn condition (literature review). Obstetrics and gynecology: news, opinions, training. 2021; 9(4): 63-70. Russian (Косолапова Ю.А., Морозов Л.А., Инвияева Е.В., Макиева М.И., Зубков В.В., Дегтярев Д.Н. Влияние COVID-19 на исходы беременности и состояние новорожденных (обзор литературы) //Акушерство и гинекология: новости, мнения, обучение. 2021. Т. 9, № 4. С. 63-70.) doi: 10.33029/2303-9698-2021-9-4-63-70
Sánchez-Morales AE, Urrutia-Osorio M, Camacho-Mendoza E, Rosales-Pedraza G, Dávila-Maldonado L, González-Duarte A, et al. Neurological manifestations temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in pediatric patients in Mexico. Childs Nerv Syst. 2021; 37(7): 2305-2312. doi: 10.1007/s00381-021-05104-z
Tetsuhara K, Akamine S, Matsubara Y, Fujii S, Kashimada W, Marutani K, et al. Severe encephalopathy associated with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 variant infection in a neonate. Brain Dev. 2022; 44(10): 743-747. doi: 10.1016/j.braindev.2022.06.010
Denisova T.G., Sergeeva A.I., Grigorieva A.S., Rechapova E.E., Sergeev I.I., Denisova E.A. Possible consequences for the health of newborns from mothers who were sick with COVID-19 during pregnancy. Acta medica Eurasica. 2021; 3: 35-47. Russian (Денисова Т.Г., Сергеева А.И., Григорьева А.С., Речапова Э.Э., Сергеев И.И., Денисова Е.А. Возможные последствия для здоровья новорожденных от матерей, болевших COVID-19 во время беременности //Acta medica Eurasica. 2021. № 3. С. 35-47.) doi: 10.47026/2413-4864-2021-3-35-47
de Araujo AJD, Motta F, Fernandes GM, Castro M, Sasaki L, Luna LP, et al. Neuroimaging assessment of pediatric cerebral changes associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. Front Pediatr. 2023; 11: 1194114. doi: 10.3389/fped.2023.1194114
Singer G, Evankovich KD, Fisher K, DemmlerHarrison GJ, Risen SR. Coronavirus infections in the nervous system of children: a scoping review making the case for long-term neurodevelopmental surveillance, Pediatric Neurol. 2021; 117: 47-63. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2021.01.007
Buonsenso D, Costa S, Giordano L, Priolo F, Colonna AT, Morini S, et al. Short- and mid-term multidisciplinary outcomes of newborns exposed to SARS-CoV-2 in utero or during the perinatal period: preliminary findings. Eur J Pediatr. 2022; 181(4): 1507-1520. doi: 10.1007/s00431-021-04319-1
Shufrey LC, Firestein MR, Kyle MH, Fields A, Alcántara C, Amso D, et al. Association of birth during the COVID-19 pandemic with neurodevelopmental status at 6 months in infants with and without in utero exposure to maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection. JAMA Pediatr. 2022; 176(6): e215563. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.5563
Xiao T, Xia S, Zeng L, Lin G, Wei Q, Zhou W, et al. A multicentre observational study on neonates exposed to SARS-CoV-2 in China: the Neo-SARS-CoV-2 Study protocol. BMJ Open. 2020; 10(7): e038004. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038004
Brogna C, Brogna B, De Biase M, Sini F, Mirra F, Moro M, Romeo DM. Perinatal Cerebral Ischemic Lesion and SARS-CoV-2 Infection during Pregnancy: A Case Report and a Review of the Literature. J Clin Med. 2022; 11(22): 6827. doi: 10.3390/jcm11226827
Ayed M, Alsaffar Z, Bahzad Z, Buhamad Y, Abdulkareem A, Al Qattan A, et al. Coronavirus Infection in Neonates: Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at 18 Months of Age. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2023; 2023: 6140085. doi: 10.1155/2023/6140085